[Epidemiologial profile of invasive candidiasis in intensive care units at a university hospital]. / Perfil epidemiológico de la candidiasis invasora en unidades de pacientes críticos en un hospital universitario.

UNLABELLED: Invasive candidiasis (IC) epidemiology has changed in critically ill patients and limited data are available in Chile. OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiological and microbiological profile of IC in critically ill patients. METHODS: Observational prospective study conducted from October 2001 to August 2003 in critically ill adults with suspected or confirmed IC. RESULTS: 53 patients met criteria for IC, finding 18 (33.9%) candidemias, 22 (41.5%) disseminated IC, and 13 (24.5%) local IC. We identified 8 (44.4%) C. albicans and 10 (55.6%) non-albicans Candida in candidemias. C. tropicalis was the predominant non-albicans species (27.7%). An 88.8 % of Candidas sp recovered in candidemias were fluconazole susceptible. Overall hospital mortality was 24.5%. Mortality in candidemia was significantly lower than in disseminated IC (16.6 vs 31.8%, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: A higher proportion of non-albicans Candida was observed in candidemias from critically ill patients. However, most of these strains were fluconazole susceptible. A lower overall mortality was observed in candidemias.

Perfil epidemiológico de la candidiasis invasora en unidades de pacientes críticos en un hospital universitario / Epidemiologial profile of invasive candidiasis in intensive care units at a university hospital

Invasive candidiasis (IC) epidemiology has changed in critically ill patients and limited data are available in Chile. Objective: To describe the epidemiological and microbiological profile of IC in critically ill patients. Methods: Observational prospective study conducted from October 2001 to August 2003 in critically ill adults with suspected or confirmed IC. Results: 53 patients met criteria for IC, finding 18 (33.9 percent) candidemias, 22 (41.5 percent) disseminated IC, and 13 (24.5 percent) local IC. We identified 8 (44.4 percent) C. albicans and 10 (55.6 percent) non-albicans Candida in candidemias. C. tropicalis was the predominant non-albicans species (27.7 percent). An 88.8 percent of Candidas sp recovered in candidemias were fluconazole susceptible. Overall hospital mortality was 24.5 percent. Mortality in candidemia was significantly lower than in disseminated IC (16.6 vs 31.8 percent, p = 0.02). Conclusions: A higher proportion of non-albicans Candida was observed in candidemias from critically ill patients. However, most of these strains were fluconazole susceptible. A lower overall mortality was observed in candidemias.

La epidemiología de candidiasis invasora (CI) ha cambiado, lo cual no ha sido suficientemente estudiado en Chile. Objetivo: Describir el perfil epidemiológico y microbiológico de CI en pacientes críticos. Métodos: Estudio observacional prospectivo entre octubre 2001 y agosto 2003, en pacientes críticos adultos con sospecha o confimnación de CI. Resultados: 53 pacientes cumplieron criterios de CI. De ellos, 18 (33,9 por ciento) tuvieron candidemia, 22(41,5 por ciento) CI diseminada y 13(24,5 por ciento) CI local. Entre las candidemias, hubo 8 C. albicans (44,4 por ciento) y 10 Candida no albicans (55,6 por ciento), predominando C. tropicalis (27,7 por ciento). Un 88,8 por ciento de las candidemias fueron susceptibles a fluconazol. La mortalidad hospitalaria global fue 24,5 por ciento, significativamente menor en pacientes con candidemias vs CI diseminada (16,6 vs 31,8 por ciento, p = 0,02). Conclusiones: Se observó una mayor proporción de Candida no albicans en candidemias de pacientes críticos. Sin embargo, la mayoría de estas cepas fue susceptible a fluconazol. La mortalidad global fue menor en candidemias.

[Changes in asthma prevalence among school children during a 6 -year period: Influence of socioeconomic status]. / Influencia del nivel socioeconómico (NSE) en el asma bronquial y cambios en su prevalencia en población escolar en un periodo de 6 años.

BACKGROUND: Asthma prevalence is increasing worldwide, especially in developing countries. AIM: To determine the prevalence of asthma diagnosis and related symptoms in children, its changes during a 6-year period and the influence exerted by socioeconomic status. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study conducted among school children of Santiago. A sample of 4,561 children aged 6-7 and 13-14 years attending public schools (central district, medium-low and low socioeconomic status) and private schools (eastern districts, high socioecomic status) were surveyed. Dependent variables were asthma diagnosis (AD), wheezing during the last 12 months (WHE12) and frequency of episodes of wheezing (FEW). Prevalence odds ratios were calculated using regression models, adjusted for several confounding variables. RESULTS: AD prevalence for the group as a whole was higher in boys than in girls (13.2% and 10.8%, respectively p =0.016). Prevalence rate of AD was also higher for children aged 13-14 than 6-7 years (13.8% and 10.1%, respectively p <0.01). An inverse association was found between SES and WHE12. Higher maternal education level was associated with lower prevalence of WHE12 in both age groups and with lower prevalence of FEW in 6-7 year-old children. Paternal education level was positively associated with AD among younger children. At the central district, increasing trends of WHE12 and FEW prevalence were observed during 1994-2000 among 6-7 years children. CONCLUSIONS: A significant association was observed between socioeconomic status, asthma diagnosis and symptoms in school children living in Santiago. Data support an increasing trend of asthma prevalence and severity among 6-7 year-old children during the period 1994-2000.

Influencia del nivel socioeconómico (NSE) en el asma bronquial y cambios en su prevalencia en población escolar en un periodo de 6 años / Changes in asthma prevalence among school children during a 6 -year period: Influence of socioeconomic status

Background: Asthma prevalence is increasing worldwide, especially in developing countries. Aim: To determine the prevalence of asthma diagnosis andrelated symptoms in children, its changes during a 6-year period and the influence exerted by socioeconomic status. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study conducted among schoolchildren of Santiago. A sample of 4,561 children aged 6-7 and 13-14 years attending public schools (central district, medium-low and low socioeconomic status) and private schools (eastern districts, high socioecomic status) were surveyed. Dependent variables were asthma diagnosis (AD), wheezing during the last 12 months (WHE12) and frequency of episodes of wheezing (FEW). Prevalence odds ratios were calculated using regression models, adjusted for several confounding variables. Results: AD prevalence for the group as a whole was higher in boys than in girls (13.2% and 10.8%, respectively, p =0.016). Prevalence rate of AD was also higher for children aged 13-14 than 6-7 years (13.8% and 10.1%, respectively p <0.01). An inverse association was found between SES and WHE12. Higher maternal education level was associated with lower prevalence of WHE12 in both age groups and with lower prevalence of FEW in 6-7 year-old children. Paternal education level was positively associated with AD among younger children. At the central district, increasing trends of WHE12 and FEW prevalence were observed during 1994-2000 among 6-7 years children. Conclusions: A significant association was observed between socioeconomic status, asthma diagnosis and symptoms in school children living in Santiago. Data support an increasing trend of asthma prevalence and severity among 6-7 year-old children during the period 1994-2000.

[Risk factors and prevalence of allergic rhinitis among Chilean children]. / Prevalencia de síntomas de rinitis alérgica y su relación con factores de riesgo en escolares de Santiago, Chile.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of asthma and allergic rhinitis experienced a steady increase in the last years, probably associated to changes in lifestyles. AIM: To assess the prevalence of allergic rhinitis, to evaluate changes over time (1994-2000), and to describe risk factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) core questionnaire, with questions added about socioeconomic status (SES), was applied to 4594 children between 6-7 years old and 13-14 years old during october-december 2000. Attendance to public or private schools was also used a SES proxy. The results were compared with those of a similar survey in 5281 children, performed in 1994. Rhinitis symptoms (ever) (SR), rhinitis symptoms within last 12 months (SR12) and medical diagnosis of rhinitis (DR) were assessed. RESULTS: There was a significant increase in the prevalence of SR, SR 12 and DR in both age groups in 2000, compared to 1994. SR older children showed a higher prevalence of SR compared with the youngest group (p=0.003). No age differences were observed in the prevalence of SR12 and DR. Both SR and SR12 were more prevalent at schools of medium and low-medium SES (p=0.003 and p=0.002 respectively). DR was significantly more prevalent among children of high SES. A better mother educational level was associated to higher prevalence of SR and SR12 (p=0.03 and p=0.04). Father educational level was associated to DR (p=0.007). The prevalence of SR12 was higher in households with carpets (p=0.017). The prevalence of DR was higher in houses with smokers (p=0.03) and gas heating (p=0.005). None of the three variables were related to gender. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of SR, SR12 and DR increased significantly in a short time period (6 years). Our results support a positive association between DR and high SES.

Prevalencia de síntomas de rinitis alérgica y su relación con factores de riesgo en escolares de Santiago, Chile / Risk factors and prevalence of allergic rhinitis among Chilean children

Background: The prevalence of asthma and allergic rhinitis experienced a steady increase in the last years, probably associated to changes in lifestyles. Aim: To assess the prevalence of allergic rhinitis, to evaluate changes over time (1994-2000), and to describe risk factors. Material and Methods: The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) core questionnaire, with questions added about socioeconomic status (SES), was applied to 4594 children between 6-7 years old and 13-14 years old during october-december 2000. Attendance to public or private schools was also used a SES proxy. The results were compared with those of a similar survey in 5281 children, performed in 1994. Rhinitis symptoms (ever) (SR), rhinitis symptoms within last 12 months (SR12) and medical diagnosis of rhinitis (DR) were assessed. Results: There was a significant increase in the prevalence of SR, SR 12 and DR in both age groups in 2000, compared to 1994. SR older children showed a higher prevalence of SR compared with the youngest group (p=0.003). No age differences were observed in the prevalence of SR12 and DR. Both SR and SR12 were more prevalent at schools of medium and low-medium SES (p=0.003 and p=0.002 respectively). DR was significantly more prevalent among children of high SES. A better mother educational level was associated to higher prevalence of SR and SR12 (p=0.03 and p=0.04). Father educational level was associated to DR (p=0.007). The prevalence of SR12 was higher in households with carpets (p=0.017). The prevalence of DR was higher in houses with smokers (p=0.03) and gas heating (p=0.005). None of the three variables were related to gender. Conclusions: The prevalence of SR, SR12 and DR increased significantly in a short time period (6 years). Our results support a positive association between DR and high SES.